Schouwink, J. H., Oppelaar, H., Ruevekamp, M., Van der Valk, M., Hart, G., Baas, P. and Stewart, F. A. Oxygen Depletion during and after mTHPC-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in RIF1 and H-MESO1 Tumors. Radiat. Res. 159, 190–198 (2003).

During photodynamic therapy (PDT), low oxygenation levels, induced both by oxygen consumption and by vascular occlusion, can lead to an inefficient photochemical reaction that may compromise the efficacy of PDT. In the present studies, tumor oxygenation was measured before, during and after meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC)-mediated PDT of murine RIF1 tumors and human mesothelioma xenografts (H-MESO1). Tumor pO₂ was measured in real time with Eppendorf polarography, and the extent of relative hypoxia at specific times was measured by immunohistochemical staining. Significant decreases in median pO₂ values, as well as an increase in the number of values below 2.5 mmHg, were seen during and after PDT in RIF1 tumors, although there was a large intertumoral variation. Tumor pO₂ values did not change significantly in H-MESO1 tumors. Staining with antibodies against the hypoxia marker EF3 showed significant increases in relative hypoxia after PDT in both tumor types compared with separate groups of untreated controls. Our results are consistent with PDT-induced oxygen depletion (reduced pO₂) leading to an increase in relative hypoxia in RIF1 tumors. Extensive necrosis in the H-MESO1 tumors may have prevented the detection of PDT-induced hypoxia using the Eppendorf polarographic needle, whereas immunohistochemistry did reveal increases in relative hypoxia.